This chapter explains the processes involved in in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and controlled ovarian stimulation, collectively known as assisted reproductive technologies. Two of the key analytes (estradiol and anti-Müllerian hormone) are reviewed in detail (other relevant analytes are covered in the Infertility chapter, 9.5). For each analyte, the biological function is explained, with the clinical applications of the test and its limitations. Typical assay technology is described, with information about assay performance requirements in different situations. The type of sample and frequency of use are included, with example concentrations and change profiles (for background information only).

Richard Fleming is Scientific Director and Person Responsible, Glasgow Centre for Reproductive Medicine; and Hon. Professor of Reproductive Medicine, University of Glasgow. Richard Fleming has worked and published as a scientist in research and clinical service in reproductive medicine for more than 30 years. His principal interest is control of human ovarian function in the normal and clinical setting. He has been responsible for a number of innovative developments, including the first use of ultrasound to track follicular development within the ovary (1979), and also the first use of GnRH-agonists to control pituitary activity during controlled ovarian stimulation (1982). Recent work on assessment of ovarian reserve prior to assisted reproduction has led to debates on how best to use this critically important information. Extended explorations of the possibilities for clinical use of AMH are continuing, with measuring AMH in large prospective cohorts to explore epidemiological factors in human reproduction.

Sherry Faye, PhD, FRCPath, trained and gained experience as a clinical chemist in the UK NHS and then transferred to the diagnostics industry where she has worked in both R&D and marketing capacities. Currently Director, Global Scientific Affairs for Beckman Coulter providing clinical and key clinical customer input in the areas of chemistry and immunoassay and representing the company at scientific meeting and clinical societies such as IFCC.

In vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, controlled ovarian stimulation, assisted reproductive technologies, infertility, pregnancy, female, menstrual cycle, follicle, oocyte, fertilization, human menopausal gonadotropin, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, estradiol, anti-Müllerian hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone.